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      一起学习专业英语-----欢迎探讨,谢绝灌水

      [复制链接]
      发表于 2005-1-19 11:59:00 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
      <P>我们一块节选一些专业英语里面比较好的段落在这里讨论(讨论内容可包括专业知识、英语知识及翻译方法),只要是本论坛涉及的专业均受欢迎。<br>希望大家都来积极参与,靠我一个人一星期也难出几篇。<br>因为帖子太多不利于学习交流,所以欢迎积极讨论,但不要在此贴恶意灌水。</P><FONT color=#0909f7>请注意:<br>从16楼开始都是一些系统连贯的资料 。</FONT><br><br>
      [此贴子已经被作者于2005-9-12 23:54:08编辑过]

      本帖子中包含更多资源

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       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-19 12:00:00 | 显示全部楼层

      1,Injection Molding Process

      The molding machine uses a vacuum to move the plastic from the dryer to it's initial holding chamber. This chamber is actually a small hopper on the back of the "barrel" of the machine。 The barrel is where all the real work is done and it's essentially a large screw housed in a heater which moves the plastic closer to the mold. As the screw turns, the plastic traverses the barrel and reaches a molten state. Only when it's molten can it be injected into the mold with a rapid turn of the screw. The tip of the barrel is called the "nozzle" and from this point to the cavity in the mold the material is not heated and is constantly cooling. The "runner" is the cooled/set plastic that extends from the nozzle to the cavity and is process scrap. Actually, the cooled material from the nozzle to the mold is the "sprue" but it's connected to the runner. There are ways around having sprues and runners, but it's beyond the scope of what we're talking about here. Most people have probably seen runners before and not realized it. The most likely place to see them are in model airplane/car kits as the individual components are left attached to the runner system. Typically the runners are ejected into a chute below the mold or else they will be picked out of the mold by a robotic arm and dumped into a regrinder. The regrinder chops the runners into bits and prepares them to be moved back into the dryer.
      Though, once plastic has been heated, it degrades a bit and some molding processes will not allow for "regrind" to be mixed back in with virgin material as it can cause problems with the final part. In cases like this the regrind is used elsewhere or it is discarded completely. Shrinkage plays a crucial role in molding and most plastic shrinks 20% as it cools. In order to combat this phenomenon in critical plastic pieces (not really toys) it is up the mold designer to build this factor into his design so that the finished parts will meet the original product design specifications. "Ejector pins" are part of the mold itself and are used to push the molded parts from the cavity once the mold is opened. This ejecting process is controlled by the molding machine.
      The molding cycle is basically "close - shoot - open - eject". The mold is clamped into the machine with the front half remaining stationary (on the barrel side of the machine) and the back half being the movable half. Also on this movable half are the ejector pins that push the molded parts from the cavity. When all molds open up, the parts are stuck to the back half of the mold so that they can be ejected with the built-in pins.
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-19 12:01:00 | 显示全部楼层

      下面是我的翻译

      注射成型过程(工艺)
      成型机通过抽真空把塑料原料从干燥机吸到料斗里面。料斗实际上是一个小的漏斗,它被安装在机台料筒的后面(确切点,后上方)。开始起实际作用的地方是料筒,料筒实质上是四周都是加热器的一个很大的螺杆安放室,它把原料送向模具。随着螺杆的旋转,原料在料筒里前进并成为熔融状态。只有完全熔融后,原料才会在螺杆高速旋转产生的挤压力下射进模腔。螺杆端部称为喷嘴,从这里开始直到模具型腔这段空间内,熔融材料没有被加热,并且一直处于被冷却的状态。流道水口料就是在喷嘴到模腔之间冷却固化的塑料,属于工艺废料。实际上,在喷嘴到模腔之间的冷却塑料是“主流道”,但它和流道是连在一块的(这句翻译的不通顺,知道意思就行)。 有一些关于处理水口料的方法,但这不是我们这里要讨论的。大多数人以前都见过流道,但却没有认出。最容易见到他们的地方是由单独零件构成的飞机和汽车模型上,在这些零件上面一般都附着着流道系统。一般地,水口料被顶出,落进安放在模具下面的落料装置(通过一个斜坡传送通道),或者被机械手取出,然后投入粉料机。粉料机把水口料绞成碎料并送回干燥机。
      尽管塑料一旦被加热就会发生降解,而且有些成型工艺不允许碎材混入原材料里面,因为这样会导致成品的缺陷。这种情况下水口料可以用到其他地方或者干脆不用。收缩在成型中影响深远,大部分塑料冷却后会收缩20%。为了在重点(关键)塑料零件上--当然不只是玩具---克服这种现象,模具设计者必须把这个要素考虑到设计里面去,那样成型出来的产品才能满足设计规格。 顶针是模具本身的零件,用来在模具打开的时候顶出产品。整个过程都有注射成型机控制
      一个成型周期实际上就是合模--注射--开模--顶出。模具被锁紧在机台上,前模固定不动(在机台的料筒侧),后模则可以移动。上面说的顶针就是后模侧。当模具打开,产品吸附在后模侧以被顶出。
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-19 14:09:00 | 显示全部楼层

      Types of Hot Runner system

      Hot runner molds are two plate molds with a heated runner system inside one half of the mold.  A hot runner system is divided into two parts:  the manifold and the drops.  The manifold has channels that convey the plastic on a single plane, parallel to the parting line, to a point above the cavity.  The drops, situated perpendicular to the manifold, convey the plastic from the manifold to the part.  
      There are many variations of hot runner systems.  Generally, hot runner systems are designated by how the plastic is heated.  There are internally and externally heated drops and manifolds.

      Externally heated hot runner channels have the lowest pressure drop of any runner system (because there is no heater obstructing flow and all the plastic is molten), and they are better for color changes, none of the plastic in the runner system freezes.  There are no places for material to hang up and degrade, so externally heated systems are good for thermally sensitive materials.
      Internally heated runner systems require higher molding pressures, and color changes are very difficult.  There are many places for material to hang up and degrade, so thermally sensitive materials should not be used.  Internally heated drops offer better gate tip control.  Internally heated systems also better separate runner heat from the mold because an insulating frozen layer is formed against the steel wall on the inside of the flow channels.
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-19 14:12:00 | 显示全部楼层

      下面是我的翻译,有个color change不知指的是什么

      热流道的类型
         热流道模具是在一个半模有流道加热系统的两板式模具。热流道系统分成两个部分:分流板和喷嘴。分流板的通道将塑料传送到一个和分型线平行平面,这个平面在型腔的上面。喷嘴垂直于分流板安装,把塑料从分流板送进行腔。
      热流道系统有好多种。一般地,热流道系统地类型依据塑料的受热方式而定。由此可分为内加热和外加热两种
      外加热热流道的通道在所有类型的流道系统里面的压力降最小(因为里面没有阻止料流的加热器而且塑料始终是熔融的),他们有利于颜色的变化,里面没有塑料冻结。通道里不会使塑料产生架桥现象而降解,因此,外加热热流道系统比较适合于热敏性的材料.
      内加热热流道系统要求很高的成型压力,并且颜色变化很困难.通道中有很多地方会使塑料架桥而降解,因此不能用于热敏性材料.内加热喷嘴提供更好的浇口端的(温度)控制.内加热系统也更好的使流道和模具隔热,原因是靠着通道侧的模具壁形成了一个隔热的冻结层.
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-19 14:35:00 | 显示全部楼层

      Weld Lines Parting Lines

      Weld Lines
      Weld lines form when flow fronts come together during the filling stage
      of molding. Depending on processing conditions, weld line strength can
      vary significantly. Awareness of weld line location is advisable and avoid-ance
      in critical areas is suggested. If part is not designed properly, weak
      weld lines can result in premature part failure.
      Parting Lines
      Parting lines are the lines on the part where the tool halves come together.
      Often the parting line will be noticeable as a bump on the surface of
      the part which is caused by the material that seeped into the joint. If this
      bump occurs on a hinge component which is in sliding contact, it can lead to either increased
      friction and resistance. Parting lines should
      be strategically located. The tool shutoff in that area should be identified
      as an important issue to the tool maker.

      翻译如下:
      熔接线
      在成型的充填阶段,当不同料流的前端相遇是会产生熔接痕。熔接痕的强度根据成型工艺条件的不同可以很明显的变化
      知道熔接痕产生的位置是明智的,建议在零件的重要表面避免熔接痕。如果产品设计不合理,熔接痕的低强度会导致产品过早裂开
      分型线
      分型线是两个半模接合处在产品上形成的一条线。通常,分型线会在产品表面形成一个明显的突起,原因是材料进入结合部位(的间隙)。如果这个突起发生在在移动时跟模具有接触的关键部位,将会增加摩擦和(脱模)阻力。分型线应该谨慎地定位。模具结合的地方应该作为重点向模具加工者特别强调说明
      发表于 2005-1-21 13:40:00 | 显示全部楼层
      <P>up !</P><P>i try to resite this text .</P>
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-21 13:49:00 | 显示全部楼层
      <DIV class=quote><B>以下是引用<I>散木</I>在2005-1-21 13:40:42的发言:</B>

      <P>up !</P>
      <P>i try to resite this text .</P></DIV>


      <P>dear 散木:</P>
      <P>do you mean you will recite the texts? </P>
      <P>but as you see, I cannot achieve anything without support, so can you join me or just provide me some good english paragraph relative to mould?</P>
      <P>you kind help will be high appreciated.</P>
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-21 14:25:00 | 显示全部楼层
      <P>acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) thermoplastic resin is widely
      recognized as an engineering material offering a good balance of properties
      centering around toughness, hardness and rigidity. Resin grades in this product
      family consist of a blend of elastomeric component and an amorphous
      thermoplastic component. The elastomeric component is usually polybutadiene
      or a butadiene copolymer. The amorphous thermoplastic component is SAN: a
      copolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile.</P><P>翻译如下:
      ABS是丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯热塑性高聚物,被广泛认为是韧性、硬度、刚性等综合性质都很平衡(都很好)的一种工程塑料。这个家族的树脂由一种弹性混合体和一种无定形热塑性塑料组成。这个弹性体一般是聚丁二烯或者丁二烯共聚物。而无定形的热塑性成分是SAN:苯乙烯和丙烯腈的共聚物。
      </P>
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-21 14:31:00 | 显示全部楼层
      <P>上面的四段,分别属于成型工艺、模具结构、产品设计、塑料原料四个方面</P><P>其实我们论坛还有很多专业,如3d软件、金属模、其他塑料模、机械设计、机械加工</P><P>所以请有兴趣加入的朋友踊跃发贴,好的一律有奖!</P><P>
      灌水的一律删除,并扣分儿!
      </P>
      发表于 2005-1-22 09:31:00 | 显示全部楼层
      <P>right now , there is no useful data in my computer .</P><P>because of my poor english , i cant write text in english .</P><P>if use chinese ,mabey sanmu will write a lot of text .</P><P>if there is something wrong in my words , tell me .</P><P>thank you .all !</P>
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-22 15:22:00 | 显示全部楼层
      <P>dear sanmu:</P><P>      I know what you mean, I think english is not so difficult to learn.</P><P>      when I use pro/e I always use an english edition, I think that would be much  easily to catch the meaning of each command, after being translated into chinese, I often feel confused.</P><P>      do you have the same confusion as me?</P>
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-24 10:44:00 | 显示全部楼层
      <P>自己来唱单簧,希望终可以将大家的积极性调动起来。否则请超版解除固顶。</P>
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-24 11:10:00 | 显示全部楼层
      <P>Burn marks</P><P>DESCRIPTION
      Burn marks are (often) brown streaks. They are usually caused by overheating the material
      due to entrapped air (diesel effect): this causes the darkening in colour.
      CAUSES
      machine
      problems with back flow valve
      injection speed too fast
      back pressure too high
      mould
      inadequate venting : entrapped air
      frictional burning
      check sprue diameter
      material
      melt too hot or too cold:may create shear
      ACTIONS — IN ORDER AS SHOWN
      1. check venting channels for dirt
      2. decrease injection speed
      3. decrease injection pressure
      4. use programmed injection
      5. check for heater malfunctioning
      6. reduce screw r.p.m.
      7. decrease nozzle temperature
      8. reduce melt temperature
      9. improve mould cavity venting
      add vents to ejector pins
      add vents to parting line of part
      10. enlarge gate to reduce frictional burning
      11. alter position and/or increase gate size</P><P>括号内大多为本人所加,仅供参考</P><P>烧焦
      描述:
      烧焦经常呈黑褐色条纹状,原因一般是:被堵住的气体(内燃机效应-----注明:气体被挤压的工程中产生大量热量)使塑料过热,从而颜色变暗。
      原因:
      机台方面:
      (喷嘴)止逆环的问题
      注射速度太快
      背压太高
      模具方面:
      排气不足:空气被堵在里面
      (浇口)摩擦热产生的烧焦
      检查主流道的直径
      材料方面:
      熔融树脂温度太高或太低:可能产生剪切</P><P>措施:---按所显示的顺序
      1,检查排气孔(是否有)污物
      2,降低注射速度
      3,降低注射压力
      4,用编好程序的(即全自动的)操作
      5,检查加热器故障
      6,降低螺杆转速
      7,降低螺杆温度
      8,降低塑料熔融温度
      9,改善模具排气
      在顶针处加排气孔
      在分型线处加排气孔
      10,增大浇口来减小摩擦烧焦
      11,改变(浇口)位置或增加浇口尺寸</P>
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-24 12:45:00 | 显示全部楼层
      <P>
      Flash
      DESCRIPTION
      A film of material attached to the moulding at the mould parting line.
      CAUSES
      machine
      clamping pressure too low
      injection pressure too high
      injection speed too fast
      mould
      clamping force too low
      damaged mould surface: parting line
      excessive projected area
      material
      melt too hot
      viscosity too low
      ACTIONS — IN ORDER AS SHOWN
      1. reduce injection speed
      2. reduce injection pressure and/or booster time
      3. increase clamping force
      4. check mould for proper mould parallelism
      5. reduce melt temperature
      6. reduce mould temperature
      7. check excessive vent depths
      8. change to higher clamping machine</P><P>翻译如下</P><P>毛边
      描述:
      在模具分型线位置处长在成品上的薄片状塑料(附加物)。
      原因:
      机台方面:
      锁紧力太低
      注射压力太高
      注射速度太快
      模具方面:
      锁紧力太低
      分型面处模具损坏
      (产品垂直于开合模方向)投影面积太大
      材料方面:
      熔融温度太高
      粘度太小
      措施:按所示顺序
      1,降低注射速度
      2,降低注射压力和(或)保压时间?
      3,增加锁模力
      4,检查模板是否平行
      5,降低熔融温度
      6,降低模温
      7,检查排气孔是否过深
      8,更换成高锁模力的机台</P><P>
      </P>
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-24 16:16:00 | 显示全部楼层
      Injection
      The injection of melt into the mould cavity is made up of three phases: the filling phase, the packing phase and the holding phase.
      The injection phases could be vividly illustrated using the cavity pressure curve. Figure 9 shows the ideal curve which is achieved when the switchover to holding pressure is optimum. The switchover is sometimes called velocity to pressure transfer, where velocity refers to injection velocity and pressure to holding pressure.
      The filling phase starts at 1. In the filling phase, the melt is injected into the cavity at a certain velocity. At 2, the melt reaches the cavity pressure sensor. Due to the viscosity of the melt, pressure starts to rise. The cavity is volumetrically filled at 3. Further screw advance compresses the melt up to 4 when the machine switches from injection pressure to the much lower holding pressure. At the holding phase, the low holding pressure incrementally fills the cavity as the part cools to compensate for the shrinkage. At 5, the sprue gate is frozen and the holding pressure could be removed (and the mould could be opened). 1-2-3 makes up the filling phase. 3-4 is the packing phase. 4-5 is the holding phase. Further cooling occurs in 5-6.


      Figure 9. Ideal cavity pressure curve 图9理想的模腔压力曲线
      翻译如下:

      注射
      熔融树脂注射进模腔分为3个阶段:注射、充填、保压。
      整个注射阶段可以用模腔压力曲线图形象的描述。图9显示了(从充填到)保压转换点为最合适设置的理想状态下的曲线。这个转换点有时候被称为速度压力转换(点),这里的速度指的是射出速度,压力是保压
      射出阶段在1点开始,在本阶段,熔料以一定的速度射进模腔。在第二点,熔料接触到模腔压力传感器。因为熔料的粘性(的作用),压力开始上升。在第三点,模腔被精确地充填(测定体积地充填),螺杆的进一步前进将熔料压成第四点(所示状态),这时机器从注射压力转化到很低的保压压力。在保压阶段,在产品冷却的同时保压压力继续往模腔里面充填(熔料)来补偿缩水。在第5点,主流道浇口冷凝了,保压压力可以移除(不要了)(同时模具也可以打开),1-2-3组成注射阶段,3-4是充填阶段,4-5是保压阶段,更进一步的冷却发生在5-6段。
      [此贴子已经被作者于2005-1-24 16:31:34编辑过]

       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-24 16:19:00 | 显示全部楼层
      <P>因为都是毫无目的的随便节选,所以顺序很混乱,请见谅。</P><P>一般看见了比较好的喜欢的部分就摘录下来,翻译后,发到这里。</P><P>中间肯定有不得体的地方,希望高手斧正。</P>
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-24 17:03:00 | 显示全部楼层
      <P>Overpacking and underpacking
      An overpacked cavity pressure curve is shown in Figure 10b. It is characterized by a pressure peak in the packing phase. The pressure peak is </P>
      <P>caused by the delay in switchover to holding pressure, so the high injection pressure is still applied after volumetric filling. The pressure </P>
      <P>peak is relieved at the switchover to the lower holding pressure. Here lies an often overlooked cause of flashing which is easily detected if </P>
      <P>one has cavity pressure sensing.</P>
      <P>The momentary cavity pressure peak could produce a momentary Fc big enough to reduce the residual clamping force Fr to zero, causing the mould </P>
      <P>to open and the part to flash. To remove the flashing, the straight forward thinking would be to increase the clamping force. Reaching the </P>
      <P>limit of the machine rated clamping force, one would even move the mould to a bigger machine. Even if the increased clamping force overcomes </P>
      <P>flashing, overpacking adds weight and stress to the part and makes the part more difficult to demould. An alternative is to reduce the </P>
      <P>injection pressure. Too low an injection pressure causes defects such as sink marks. In actuality, the problem is easily and better solved by </P>
      <P>switching over earlier to get back to the ideal cavity pressure curve. In precision injection moulding, overpacking creates a reject.</P>
      <P>An underpacked curve is shown in Figure 10a. It is characterized by a pressure dip in the packing phase. The switchover occurs too early, </P>
      <P>before the cavity is volumetrically filled. Part of the filling takes place at the lower holding pressure. Subsequently, the screw advance </P>
      <P>increases the pressure. The part has reduced dimensions, is underweight, has sink marks and surface marks. It is again a reject.</P>
      <P>A device that switches over at volumetric filling would avoid the problems of overpacking and underpacking and produces the ideal cavity </P>
      <P>pressure curve. Switching is initiated at point 3 and completed in point 4 in Figure 9.</P>
      <P>
      Figure 10. Underpacked and overpacked cavity curves </P>
      <P>翻译如下:</P>
      <P>
      过充填和充填不足
      图10B显示的是过充填的模腔压力曲线,他的特征就是在充填阶段有个压力峰值。原因是转换成保压延迟了(没有及时转换成保压),因此在充填到设定(理想)体积之后高注</P>
      <P>射压力仍在起作用。压力峰值在转换成保压之后会减小。这个地方在查找毛边产生的原因的时候很容易被忽略掉,如果安装了压力传感器,就很容易被探测到(通过显示器里面</P>
      <P>的实际压力和设定压力曲线图)。</P>
      <P>瞬间的压力峰值能够产生一个瞬间的Fc(一种力,当作冲击力吧),这个力大的可以将缩紧力减为0,导致模具打开(一个缝隙,打开了就没有这么大的压力了),零件产生毛边</P>
      <P>。要去掉毛边,最直接的想法就是增加锁模力。当(设定锁模力)达到机台的额定锁模力的最大值是,应该把模具移到大一点的注射机。即使增加的锁模力克服了毛边这一缺陷</P>
      <P>,过充填会增加产品重量和内应力,并且让产品很难脱模。另外一个可以选用的办法是降低注射压力。太低的注射压力导致缩水等缺陷。实际上这个问题可以通过早点进行(速</P>
      <P>度压力)转化,使实际曲线更接近理想曲线,而很简单很好的解决。在精密注射中,过充填将会产生不合格品。</P>
      <P>图10a显示的是充填不足的曲线。他的特征就是在充填阶段有个压力谷值,在模腔还没有注射到设定体积就过早转化保压,发生在过低保压时。然后,螺杆前进增加压力。产品</P>
      <P>的尺寸会偏小,重量不足,有缩水及表面(凹)痕。仍然是不良品。
      设备在充填完成时的转换设定时,应该避免过充填和充填不足的问题,做出接近理想模腔曲线的压力曲线。转化在图9的第三点开始第四点完成。</P>
       楼主| 发表于 2005-1-24 17:12:00 | 显示全部楼层
      <P>Methods of switchover
      The available means to switchover in a modern injection moulding machine, in increasing order of accuracy, are
      1. injection time,
      2. screw position,
      3. hydraulic pressure,
      4. nozzle pressure,
      5. cavity pressure. </P><P>转换的方法
      在不断增加的精确度的要求下,现在的注射机台有下列几种转换手段:
      1,注射时间
      2,螺杆位置
      3,液压压力
      4,喷嘴压力
      5,模腔压力</P>
      发表于 2005-1-24 22:38:00 | 显示全部楼层
      <P>I agree with you, jiey. I use English edition also. for me the commands just icons to me.</P><P>but I can't found such articles and even if I have, I can't translate them into English.</P><P>I support you, but my ability don't allow me to.</P>
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